Yuhang Fan, Chuntao Guo PJuan Zhang, Xiaoyu Li, Yang Li, Decheng SuoZengling Yang, Yunlin Chen, Kai Chen, Xia Fan*, Ailiang Chen*

Analytica Chimica Acta；2026

Abstract:

Background: Antibiotic fermentation residues, which contain antibiotic remnants and other potentially hazardous components, present increasing risks when illegally incorporated into animal feed. Their addition can promote the spread of antimicrobial resistance, drug accumulation, and ultimately threaten food safety and public health. Although regulatory control is required, existing analytical methods suffer from poor specificity, low accuracy, and limited applicability in practical settings. Therefore, there remains an urgent need for a rapid, accurate, and practical detection method to identify antibiotic fermentation residues directly within diverse feed matrices.

Results: We established three real-time PCR detection systems by designing primer-probe sets targeting OxyA, NeoN and AveD, the core biosynthetic genes of oxytetracycline-, neomycin- and avermectin-producing strains. The assay workflow is streamlined and requires only simple DNA extraction, without the need for chemical cleanup or feed matrix pretreatment. All reactions were completed within 2 h, demonstrating high operational efficiency suitable for routine monitoring. Sensitivity evaluation showed that fermentation residues could be reliably detected at a minimum level of 1% (w/w) in feed, and no cross-amplification occurred with non-target antibiotic residues or diverse feed ingredients. Artificially adulterated samples verified robust applicability across matrices including soybean meal, cottonseed meal and compound feed additives. Repeatability assessment further confirmed excellent stability, with intra- and inter-assay CV values maintained below 2%. These results collectively demonstrate that the developed assays are rapid, accurate and highly adaptable to real feed-testing environments.

Significance: This work represents the first demonstration of real-time PCR detection of multiple antibiotic fermentation residues in feed based on strain-origin specific biosynthetic genes. The method provides a rapid, cation of the illicit addition of antibiotic fermentation residues. The application of this technology strengthens.